Tag: 1990s

1990s

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Cloud History

1990s

See also: Timeline of the History of Computing, This Year in History and History

1990

DateEvent
?A consortium of major SVGA card manufacturers (called Video Electronic Standard Association, VESA) was formed and then introduced VESA SVGA Standard.
?Motorola releases the 68040 capable of 35 MIPS and integrated a far superior FPU. The 68040 was included in some of the Apple Macintosh and Commodore Amiga lineup.
March 19Macintosh IIfx released. Based on a 40 MHz version of the 68030 it achieved 10 MIPS. It also had a faster SCSI adapter, which could transfer 3.0 Mbit/s.
May 22Introduction of Windows 3.0 by Microsoft. It is a multitasking system that maintains compatibility with MS-DOS, allowing several MS-DOS tasks to be run at once on an 80386 or above. This created a real threat to the Macintosh and despite a similar product, IBM’s OS/2, it was very successful.
JuneCommodore releases the Amiga 3000, the first 32-bit Amiga. It used a Motorola 68030 processor and the upgraded ECS chipset. Amiga OS 2.0 was released with the launch of the A3000, which exploited its 32-bit architecture. Later variants included the Amiga 3000UX, launched as a low end UNIX workstation, running UNIX System V. The A3000T was the first Amiga to use a tower form factor, which increased expansion potential.
OctoberMacintosh Classic released, an identical replacement to the Macintosh Plus of January 1986. Also came the Macintosh IIsi which ran a 68030 processor at 20 MHz to achieve 5.0 MIPS, and also a 256 colour video adapter.
November 19Microsoft Office released
NovemberMacintosh LC released. This ran a 68020 processor at 16 MHz to achieve 2.6 MIPS, it had a slightly improved SCSI adapter and a 256 colour video adapter.
?Multimedia PC (MPC) Level 1 specification published by a council of companies including Microsoft and Creative Labs. This specified the minimum standards for a Multimedia IBM PC. The MPC level 1 specification originally required a 12 MHz 80286 microprocessor, but this was later revised to require a 16 MHz 80386SX microprocessor as the 80286 was realised to be inadequate. It also required a CD-ROM drive capable of 150 kB/s (single speed) and also of Audio CD output. Companies can, after paying a fee, use the MPC logo on their product.

1991

DateEvent
?Borland acquires Ashton-Tate Corporation and the Dbase program.
?Phil Zimmermann releases the public key encryption program PGP along with its source code, which quickly appears on the Internet.
MarchCommodore release the CDTV, an Amiga multimedia appliance with CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive.
April 22The Intel 80486 SX is released as a cheaper alternative to 80486 DX, with the key difference being the lack of an integrated FPU.
MayCreative Labs introduces the Sound Blaster Pro sound card.
JuneTo promote OS/2, Bill Gates took every opportunity after its release to say ‘DOS is dead’; however, the development of DOS 5.0 led to the permanent dropping of OS/2 development.This version, after the mess of version 4, was properly tested through the distribution of Beta versions to over 7,500 users. This version included the ability to load device drivers and TSR programs above the 640 KiB boundary (into UMBs and the HMA), freeing more RAM for programs. This version marked the end of collaboration between Microsoft and IBM on DOS.
AugustThe Linux kernel is born with the following post to the Usenet Newsgroup comp.os.minix by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish college student:
“Hello everybody out there using minix- I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.”[1]Linux has become one of the most widely used Unix-like operating system kernels in the world today. It originally only ran on Intel 386 processors, but years later added many different types of computers (now includes complete range from small to supercomputers and IBM mainframes), including Sun SPARC, DEC/Compaq Alpha, and many ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and Motorola 68000 based computers.In 1992, the GNU project adopted the Linux kernel for use with GNU systems while they waited for the development of their own kernel, GNU Hurd, to be completed. The GNU project’s aim is to provide a complete and free Unix-like operating system, combining the Hurd or Linux kernel with a complete suite of free software to run on it. Torvalds changed the licence of the Linux kernel from one prohibiting commercial use to the GNU General Public License on February 1, 1992.

1992

DateEvent
?First 64-bit microprocessors; the first 64-bit variant of MIPS, the MIPS R4000 was introduced in 1992 (announced October 1, 1991) and another major RISC microprocessor, DEC Alpha (no longer produced), was also introduced in 1992. Intel had introduced the Intel i860 RISC microprocessor in 1989, marketed as a “64-Bit Microprocessor”, while it had essentially a 32-bit architecture (non-pure “32/64-bit”), enhanced with a 3D Graphics Unit capable of 64-bit. Computers with 64-bit registers (but not addressing, and not microprocessors) had appeared decades earlier, as far back as IBM 7030 Stretch (considered a failure) in 1962, and in the Cray-1 supercomputer installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976.
?Windows NT addresses 2 Gigabytes of RAM which is more than any application will ever need— Microsoft on the development of Windows NT.[citation needed]
?Introduction of CD-i launched by Philips.
?The PowerPC 601, developed by IBM, Motorola and Apple Computer, was released. This was the first generation of PowerPC processors.
?The last “luggable” computer of the Compaq Portable series, the Compaq Portable 486, was released.
?IBM ThinkPad 700C laptop created. It was lightweight compared to its predecessors.[2]
AprilIntroduction of Windows 3.1[3]
MayWolfenstein 3D released by id Software[4]
JuneSound Blaster 16 ASP Introduced by Creative Labs.
OctoberCommodore International releases the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000. Both machines included the improved Advanced Graphics Architecture chipset. The 1200 had a 14 MHz 68020 processor, the 4000 had a 25 MHz 68040.
November 10Digital Equipment Corporation introduces the Alpha AXP architecture and the Alpha-based DEC 3000 AXP workstations, DEC 4000 AXP departmental servers and the DEC 7000 AXP enterprise servers.

1993

DateEvent
?Mosaic graphical web browser launched.[5]
?Commercial providers were allowed to sell internet connections to individuals. Its use exploded, especially with the new interface provided by the World-Wide Web (see 1989) and NCSA Mosaic.
?Release of the first version of ELOQUENS, a Text-To-Speech commercial software, from CSELT.
?The first web magazine, The Virtual Journal, is published but fails commercially.
?Novell purchased Digital Research, DR DOS became Novell DOS.
?The MP3 file format was published. This sound format later became the most common standard for music on PCs and later digital audio players.
MarchMicrosoft introduces MS-DOS 6.0, including DoubleSpace disk compression.
March 22Intel releases the P5-based Pentium processor, 60 and 66 MHz versions. It has over 3.1 million transistors and can achieve up to 100 MIPS. John H. Crawford co-managed the design of the P5;[6] Donald Alpert managed the architectural team;[7] and Vinod K. Dham headed the P5 group.[8]
MayMPC Level 2 specification introduced (see November 1990). This was designed to allow playback of a 15 frames per second video in a 320×240 pixel window. The key difference from MPC level 1 is the requirement of a CD-ROM drive capable of 300 kB/s (double speed). Products are also required to be tested by the MPC council, making MPC Level 2 compatibility a stamp of certification.
JuneSevere Tire Damage made the first live music performance on the Internet, using MBone technology.
July 27Microsoft released the Windows NT 3.1 operating system that supported 32-bit programs.
December 10Doom was released by id Software.
The PC began to be considered as a serious games playing machine, reinforced by the earlier release in November of Sam & Max Hit the Road.

1994

DateEvent
?Several major PC games are released, such as Command & Conquer, Alone in the Dark 2, Theme Park, Magic Carpet, Descent and Little Big Adventure. Other, less significant releases for the PC included Star Trek: The Next Generation: A Final Unity, Full Throttle and Terminal Velocity.
This success of the PC as a games platform was partly due to and partly a cause of significantly increased PC ownership among the ‘general public’ during the early–mid 1990s. This also reflected the rapidly increasing quality of games available for the PC.
?Peter Shor devises an algorithm which lets quantum computers determine the factorization of large integers quickly. This is the first interesting problem for which quantum computers promise a significant speed-up, and it therefore generates a lot of interest in quantum computers.
?DNA computing proof of concept on toy travelling salesman problem; a method for input/output still to be determined.
?Motorola released the 68060 processor.
?Adobe Photoshop 3.0 graphics editing software released.[2]
JuneMicrosoft releases MS-DOS 6.22, containing disk compression under the name DriveSpace after settling a dispute with Stac over their compression program, Stacker. Microsoft had removed DoubleSpace from MS-DOS 6.21 in February after a jury found them guilty of patent infringement, and a judge later ordered Microsoft to recall all unsold infringing products worldwide. MS-DOS 6.22 was the last standalone version of MS-DOS released.
March 7Intel released Pentium processor, 90 and 100 MHz versions.
March 14Linus Torvalds released version 1.0 of the Linux kernel.
April 29Commodore International declares bankruptcy. Commodore’s assets were eventually sold to German PC manufacturer ESCOM in 1995.
AugustIBM releases the IBM Simon a forerunner to the smartphone.
SeptemberPC DOS 6.3 Basically the same as version 5.0 this release by IBM included more bundled software, such as Stacker (the program that caused Microsoft so much embarrassment) and anti-virus software.
October 10Intel releases the Pentium processor, 75 MHz version.[9]
DecemberNetscape Navigator 1.0 web browser released.[2] It was written as an alternative to NCSA Mosaic.
December 3Sony releases its first PlayStation console in Japan; to date, over 100 million units have been sold.

1995

DateEvent
?Jaz drive removable hard disk storage introduced.[10]
?Zip drive removable floppy disk storage introduced.[10]
MarchLinus released Linux Kernel v1.2.0 (Linux 95).
March 27Intel released Pentium processor, 120 MHz version.
May 23Sun Microsystems first announces Java at the SunWorld conference.
June 1Intel released Pentium processor, 133 MHz version.
August 24Microsoft releases Windows 95, replacing Windows 3.1 with a pre-emptively multitasked 32-bit operating system that integrated MS-DOS and Windows.
October 3Be Inc. launch the BeBox, featuring two PowerPC 603 processors running at 66 MHz, and running their new operating system BeOS.
November 1Intel released Pentium Pro, 150, 166, 180, and 200 MHz versions, on one day. It was the first product based on the P6 microarchitecture, later used in the Pentium II, III, M, and Core processors. It achieves 440 MIPS and contains 5.5 million transistors; this is nearly 2,400 times as many as the first microprocessor, the 4004; and capable of 70,000 times as many instructions per second.
November 63dfx releases Voodoo, the first consumer 3D accelerator, able to render scenes in real time and in high resolution. GLQuake (an OpenGL port of Quake) is the first popular game using this new technology. Other games soon follow, including Tomb Raider. [1]
DecemberJavaScript development announced by Netscape.
December 21First public release of the Ruby programming language (version 0.95)
December 28CompuServe blocked access to over 200 sexually explicit Usenet newsgroups, partly to avoid confrontation with the German government. Access to all but five groups was restored on February 13, 1996.

1996

DateEvent
?Nokia released the Nokia 9000, the first of Nokia’s smartphones.[11]
?Quake released – representing the dramatic increases in both software and hardware technology since Doom, of three years prior.[12] Other notable releases included Civilization 2, Tomb Raider,[13] Command & Conquer: Red Alert[14] and Grand Prix Manager 2.[15] On the more controversial front Battlecruiser 3000AD was also released, but its advertising had to be censored.
JanuaryNetscape Navigator 2.0 released. First browser to support JavaScript.Windows 95 OSR2 (OEM System Release 2) was released – partly to fix bugs found in release 1 – but only to computer retailers for sale with new systems. There were actually two separate releases of Windows 95 OSR2 before the introduction of Windows 98, the second of which contained both USB and FAT32 support – the main selling points of Windows 98. FAT32 is a new filing system that provides support for disk partitions bigger than 2.1 GB and is better at coping with large disks (especially in terms of wasted space).
January 4Intel released Pentium processor, 150 and 166 MHz versions.
April 17Toshiba released the Libretto sub-notebook. With a volume of 821.1 cm³ and a weight of just 840 g, it was the smallest PC compatible computer to be released at that time.
June 9Linux 2.0 released. 2.0 was a significant improvement over the earlier versions: it was the first to support multiple architectures (originally developed for the Intel 386 processor, it now supported Digital’s Alpha architecture and would very soon support the SPARC architecture, and many others). It was also the first stable kernel to support SMP, kernel modules, and much more.
July 4Hotmail, founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, is commercially launched on Independence Day in the United States, symbolically representing freedom from Internet service providers. (Hotmail is now owned and operated by Microsoft, which is known today as Outlook.com.)
July 14The first public release of Opera, version 2.1 for Windows.
September 23Audio Highway announced the Listen Up player, the first MP3 digital audio player.[16] It was later released in September 1997.
October 6Intel released Pentium processor, 200 MHz version.
NovemberTelecom Italia released TIM Card, the first prepaid card for cellular phones in the world; designed by CSELT.
Decemberid Software releases QuakeWorld, a version of Quake designed for Internet multiplayer games. Several innovative[citation needed] features such as movement prediction make the game playable even over low-speed and high-latency Internet connections.

1997

DateEvent
?Tim Berners-Lee awarded the Institute of Physics’ 1997 Duddell Medal for inventing the World Wide Web (see 1989).
?Grand Theft Auto and Quake 2 were released while Lara Croft returned in Tomb Raider II. As standards for graphics kept increasing, 3D graphics cards were beginning to become mandatory for game players.
January 8Intel released Pentium MMX, 166 and 200  MHz versions. Its MMX instruction set is designed to increase performance when running multimedia applications.
May 7Intel releases the Pentium II processor, 233, 266, and 300 MHz versions. It has a larger on-chip cache and expanded instruction set.
May 11IBM‘s Deep Blue became the first computer to beat a reigning World Chess popChampion, Garry Kasparov, in a full chess match. The computer had played him before, losing 5/6 games in February 1996.
June 2Intel released Pentium MMX, 233  MHz version.
August 6After 18 months of losses Apple Computer was in serious financial trouble. Microsoft invested in Apple, buying 100,000 non-voting shares worth $150 million; many Apple owners disapproved. One condition was that Apple would drop the long-running court case; attempting to sue Microsoft for copying the look and feel of their operating system when designing Windows.
SeptemberInternet Explorer 4.0 was released.

1998

DateEvent
JanuaryCompaq Computer Corporation announces pending acquisition of Digital Equipment Corporation for $9.6 billion.
FebruaryIntel released the 333 MHz Pentium II processor. Code-named Deschutes, they used the new 0.25 micrometre manufacturing process, so they can run faster and generate less heat.
MarchBe Inc. released BeOS R3. This was the first BeOS version available for x86 PCs and Power Macs.
MayApple announces the iMac, an all-in-one with integral 15 inch (381 mm) multiscan monitor, 24× CD-ROM, 2× available USB ports, 56 kbit/s modem, two stereo speakers, and Ethernet, but no floppy drive. It was encased in translucent Bondi Blue and Ice plastic. Quantity shipping began in August. Designed by Jonathan Ive, it was the model that put Apple back on the road to profitability.
June 25Microsoft released Windows 98. Some U.S. attorneys tried to block its release since the new OS interfaces with other programs such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and so effectively closes the market of such software to other companies. Microsoft has fought back with a letter to the White House suggesting that 26 of its industry allies say that a delay in the release of the new OS could damage the U.S. economy. The main selling points of Windows 98 were its support for USB and its support for disk partitions greater than 2 GB with FAT32 (although FAT32 was actually released with Windows 95 OSR2).
SeptemberUpstart eMachines announces two home PCs priced at $399 and $499, creating the sub-$600 market and launching a price war. Within four months, the new company becomes the No. 5 computer maker at retail.

1999

DateEvent
January 25Linux Kernel 2.2.0 is released. The number of people running Linux is estimated at over 10 million, making it an important operating system in the Unix market, and increasingly so in the PC market.
February 22AMD releases a K6-III clocked at 400 MHz and a 450 MHz version for OEMs. It contains about 23 million transistors, and requires motherboards using a Super Socket 7. It supports a 100 MHz front side bus (FSB), an improvement over AMD’s prior chips that used a 66 MHz FSB. The use of a 100 MHz FSB brought technical equivalence with the 100 MHz FSB used on the Intel Pentium II.
August 31Apple releases the Power Mac G4. It is powered by the PowerPC G4 chip from Motorola. Available in 400 MHz, 450 MHz and 500 MHz versions, Apple claimed it as the first personal computer to be capable of over one billion floating-point operations per second.
October 11, 1999Nvidia releases Geforce 256, claiming to be the first consumer level Graphics Processor Unit with Transform and Lighting Engine.
November 29AMD releases an Athlon clocked at 750 MHz.

References

  1. ^https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/comp.os.minix/dlNtH7RRrGA/SwRavCzVE7gJ
  2. ^ a b c Christopher Null (April 2007), “50 Best Tech Products of All Time”, PC World, USA
  3. ^ Bajpai, S. K. (2007). Introduction To Computers And C Programming. New Age International. p. 96. ISBN 9788122413793.
  4. ^ Sanglard, Fabien (2017). Game Engine Black Book: Wolfenstein 3D. Sanglard Publishing. p. 71.
  5. ^ Kirschenbaum, Matthew (July 2013), “10 Most Influential Software Programs Ever”, Slate, USA
  6. ^ p. 54, “Intel Turns 35: Now What?”, David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
  7. ^ p. 21, “Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor“, D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
  8. ^ p. 90, “Inside Intel”, Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
  9. ^ “Intel® Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide – Year”. www.intel.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  10. ^ a b Cornell University Library (2003). “Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline”. Digital Preservation Management. USA. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  11. ^ “Nokia 8 hopes to beat Apple and Samsung with ‘bothie’, a new version of the selfie”. The Guardian. August 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  12. ^ “How ‘Quake’ Changed Video Games Forever”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  13. ^ Berger, Arthur Asa (2017). Video Games: A Popular Culture Phenomenon. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 9781351299947.
  14. ^ “How ‘Command & Conquer: Red Alert’ Changed Strategy Games Forever”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  15. ^ “Grand Prix Manager 2 for Windows (1996)”. MobyGames. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  16. ^http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Audio+Highway+Announces+the+Listen+UP+Player+–+A+New+Device+that…-a018696161

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1990 AD

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1991 AD

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1992 AD

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1993 AD

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1994 AD

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1995 AD

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1996 AD

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1997 AD

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1998 AD

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1999 AD

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PalmPilot – 1997 AD

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1997

PalmPilot

Jeff Hawkins (b. 1957)

“To design the PalmPilot, Jeff Hawkins cut a block of wood that would fit in a man’s shirt pocket and carried it around for several months, pretending to use it to look up phone numbers, check his schedule, and put things on his to-do list. It was a pure user-centered design, unencumbered by what technology could produce.

Based on his experience building two previous portable computers, and the practice of pretending to use a little wooden block in his pocket, Hawkins realized that a portable computer didn’t need to replace a traditional desktop; it just needed to fill in the gaps. Specifically, the portable computer needed to instantly turn on and let users find the information they were looking for — a person’s name or address, for example — or to access a calendar. There was limited need for data input — more important was some way to rapidly synchronize the portable’s database with the desktop’s.

Because its function was not text entry, there was no need for a keyboard. Instead, there was a small rectangular area at the bottom of the touchscreen where users could enter letters in a stylized alphabet he called Graffiti. Similar to traditional Roman characters, Graffiti characters were easier for the device’s software to recognize.

It took a team of 27 people just 18 months to develop the product. But with no money to manufacture or market the device, in 1995 Palm Computing was sold to U.S. Robotics Corporation (USR), a modem manufacturer. Two years later, in 1997, USR brought the PalmPilot to market, selling it for a list price of $299. The Palm was a breakthrough. More than 2 million units were sold in just two years; more than 20 million would be sold by 2003.”

SEE ALSO: Touchscreen (1965), Apple Newton (1993)

The PalmPilot made it easy for users to have instant access to important information, such as calendar items or a persons address.

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History Networking

World IPv6 Day – 2011 AD

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2011

World IPv6 Day

“Every computer on the internet has an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a number that the internet uses to route network packets to the computer. When internet engineers adopted Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) in 1984, they thought that 32 bits would be sufficient, because it allowed for 232 = 4,294,967,296 possible computers. Back then, that seemed like enough.

As things turned out, 4 billion addresses were nowhere near enough. Many early internet adopters got unreasonably large blocks of addresses—MIT got 224 = 16,777,216 of them! But to realize the dreams of a fully networked society, every cell phone—indeed, every light bulb—would potentially need its own address. Even properly allocated, 32 bits just wouldn’t be enough.

Throughout the 1990s, internet infrastructure engineers periodically warned that the internet was running out of address space. In 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) officially published version 6 of the IP specification (IPv6). The new protocol used 128-bit addresses, allowing a maximum of 2128 addresses. To get an idea of how fantastically large this number is, it is considerably larger than the number of grains of sand on the earth (estimated at 263) or stars in the sky (276).

IPv6 is similar to IPv4, but it is fundamentally incompatible. Thousands of programs had to be rewritten, and millions of computers needed to be upgraded.

Early efforts to turn on IPv6 failed: so many systems were misconfigured or simply missing IPv6 support that flipping the switch resulted in users losing service.

Then, in January 2011, there were no new IPv4 addresses to hand out.

On January 12, 2011, more than 400 companies, including the internet’s largest providers, enabled IPv6 for the first time on their primary servers. It was the final test, and this time it (mostly) worked. Called World IPv6 Day, the event lasted 24 hours. After analyzing the data, the leading participants declared that no serious service interruptions had been experienced, but more work needed to be done. The following year, they turned it on for good.

Today IPv4 and IPv6 coexist on the internet, and when you connect to a host such as Google or Facebook, there’s a good chance your connection is traveling over IPv6.”

SEE ALSO IPv4 Flag Day (1983)

With IPv6, there are enough internet addresses for all of the stars in the sky and all of the grains of sand on the earth.

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Roomba Home-Cleaning Vacuum Cleaner Robot – 2002 AD

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2002

Home-Cleaning Robot

Colin Angle (dates unavailable), Helen Greiner (b. 1967), Rodney Brooks (b. 1954)

“In 2002, consumers were introduced to the Roomba — an autonomous robot vacuum cleaner that not only kept its owners’ domiciles clean but directly connected them to a high-tech industry that had previously been associated with science fiction and pop culture characters such as R2D2 and robot house cleaner Rosie Jetson.

The Roomba was created by a company called iRobot, founded in 1990 by MIT roboticists Colin Angle and Helen Greiner and their professor, Rodney Brooks. Until the Roomba, iRobot was largely focused on military and research robots such as Genghis, a robot for space exploration; Ariel, a robot for detecting and removing mines in beach surf zones; and PackBot, a robot that assisted in searches at the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks and deployed with US troops to Afghanistan the following year.

The Roomba’s arrival is one of the earliest and perhaps best-known instances of commercialization of robotics research for the consumer market. Who would have predicted that the domestic minutiae of removing dirt would be a direct application for state-of-the-art robotics research in visual mapping, intelligent navigation, sensors, 3-D manipulation, and artificial intelligence? Not to mention a vehicle for one’s cat to joyride through the house.

Early versions of the Roomba cleaned floors by moving in a series of randomized patterns that were designed to cover most rooms, most of the time. Instead of mapping the room, Roomba’s sensors were designed to prevent the robot from falling down stairs and detect when it bumped into an object—so it could back up, turn, and keep going. In 2015, iRobot released a Wi-Fi-enabled Roomba incorporating machine vision and a robotic navigation algorithm that visually maps out a room and determines the Roomba’s place in it, for more efficient cleaning.

Roomba has taken the connection between high-tech research and the everyday person to another arena as well—allowing consumers to create their own robots. There is a version of Roomba designed intentionally for tinkering. Home hobbyists can add new hardware, software, and sensors for additional functionality and experimentation. Now anyone can have a robot deliver the morning paper and serve breakfast in bed.”

SEE ALSO Robby the Robot (1956), Unimate: First Mass-Produced Robot (1961)

Roomba, the robotic vacuum cleaner, keeps consumers’ homes clean without the tedium of manual vacuuming.

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Napster P2P File Sharing – 1999 AD

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1999

Napster

Shawn Fanning (b. 1982), Sean Parker (b. 1979)

“Free digital music with a user-friendly interface. That’s what Napster promised, and what it delivered to its users. By 1999, software could readily transform digital music from audio CDs into the compact MP3 format, and with high-speed internet connections, users could transmit or receive a compressed song in less than a minute. Digital music piracy had long been a concern for the music industry.

Shawn Fanning’s Napster program made the industry’s concern real. Copyright law had long had an exemption for “fair use,” and courts had never ruled on the legality of teenagers making mix tapes for their friends. So Fanning created a kind of electronic matchmaking service that let people share music over the internet with pretty much anybody.

Fanning’s friend Sean Parker was also a software genius and had launched a number of successful companies while in high school. Parker raised money for Napster, which made it possible to run a large, centralized server that could store an index of every Napster user currently online and the music they had available for sharing. New users could download the free Napster client, type the name of a song or artist, and instantly get a list of music available for download. The Napster software would then transfer the music directly from one user to the other—peer to peer. It was kind of like making a lot of mix tapes.

The industry saw Napster as a massive copyright-violation machine. And because a single leaked song could end up on Napster and be copied millions of times without cost, music started showing up on Napster before it was available in stores for legitimate purchase. On April 13, 2000, Metallica filed suit against Napster in the Northern District of California for copyright infringement and racketeering, the first such lawsuit against a maker of peer-to-peer file-sharing software. Metallica demanded $100,000 for every song that had been illegally downloaded, with a minimum of $10 million in damages. A year later, on March 5, 2001, the court issued a preliminary injunction requiring Napster to identify and remove all Metallica songs from its system—an all-but-impossible task. After briefly trying to sell the company, Napster’s executives declared bankruptcy, and the company was liquidated.”

SEE ALSO MIDI Computer Music Interface (1983), Diamond Rio MP3 Player (1998)

Chief lobbyist for the Recording Industry Association of America, Mitch Glazier, and Napster lobbyist Manus Cooney during a debate sponsored by the Senate Republican High-Tech Task Force.

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